Profitting from Clean Energy

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Acknowledgments xiii
Introduction 1
CHAPTER 1 Clean Energy Investments and
Performance: The Show Has Just Begun 5
Clean Energy Business Startup 5
Angel Investing 7
Venture Capital 7
Publicly Traded Stocks 8
Clean Energy Stocks Listed Outside the U.S. 10
Large-cap Stocks 11
Global Petroleum Companies 12
Clean Energy Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs) 14
Green Mutual Funds 15
Global ETFs and Green Mutual Funds 20
Futures and Options 21
Investment Criteria for Publicly Traded Stocks 21
Valuation and Bubbles 22
Clean Energy Stock Performance 23
CHAPTER 2 Catalysts for the Clean Energy Industry 27
Fossil Fuel Negatives: Pollution, CO2 Emissions, Cartels,
Price Spikes, and Rising Prices 27
Energy Security 31
Growing Global Energy Demand 33
Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Climate Change 36
Clean Energy Technology Improvements 39
Demand for Distributed Power Solutions Due to
Grid Unreliability 40
Rising Electricity Prices 41
Could the Clean Energy Movement Fizzle if Oil Prices Plunge? 43
Clean Energy Catalysts: Investment Conclusion 46
CHAPTER 3 The Government Push: Strong Enough to
Get Clean Energy to Fossil Fuel Parity? 47
Types of Government Clean Energy Incentives and
Mandates 48
Renewable Energy Targets Worldwide 50
Government Clean Energy Support Initiatives in the
United States 53
A Post-Kyoto Carbon Emissions Framework 57
CHAPTER 4 Clean Energy Potential: Double-Digit
Growth for Decades 61
Overview of Global and U.S. Energy Flows 62
Overview of U.S. Electricity Generation Sources 65
Fossil Fuel Market Size: Even a Nose Under the Tent Is
Worth Billions 69
Renewable Energy Forecasts 70
CHAPTER 5 Solar Power: The Sky Is the Limit 75
Solar Thermal Power 75
Solar Photovoltaic Power 81
Solar Power Industry Growth Rates 89
Demand Generated by Government Incentives and Regulation 91
Solar Power Pricing and Competitiveness 99
Upstream Solar Players: Polysilicon and Wafer Producers 103
Thin Film Threats to Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells 112
Upgraded Metallurgical Silicon (UMGS): A Threat to
Traditional Polysilicon Producers? 116
Solar PV Cell and Module Producers 118
The Investment Outlook for Solar Cell/Module Manufacturers 122
CHAPTER 6 Wind Power: The Dutch Windmill Gets a
Technology Makeover 125
Advantages and Disadvantages of Wind Power 126
How Do Wind Turbines Work? 128
Technological Developments 129
Offshore Wind 130
Industry Growth Rates and Prospects for Future Growth 131
The Economics of Wind Power 133
Government-Sponsored Incentives 135
Wind Industry Issue: Component Shortages 137
Wind Industry Players 137
CHAPTER 7 Fuel Cells: Present and Accounted for in
Some Applications Already 147
Advantages and Disadvantages of Fuel Cells 148
What is a Fuel Cell? Overview of the Technology 149
Fuel Cell Industry Analysis: Industry Players 154
Fuel Cell Industry Target Markets 158
Commercialization Challenges 158
CHAPTER 8 Geothermal Power: Dante’s Contribution
to Clean Energy 163
Advantages and Disadvantages of Geothermal Power 163
Geothermal Resources 165
The Extraction of Geothermal Energy 167
Geothermal Power Plant Systems Under Development 169
Geothermal Heat Pumps 170
Economics of Geothermal Power 171
The Future of Geothermal Energy 172
CHAPTER 9 Cleaner Utilities: Teaching an Old Dog
New Tricks 177
Green Power Marketing Programs 178
Renewable Energy Certificates 180
Sources of Renewable Energy 181
Methane Gas Extraction 183
Companies Operating in Biomass and Biogas 184
Wave and Tide Power 185
CHAPTER 10 Power Efficiency: ‘The Cheapest and Most
Available Source of Energy Is the Energy
We Waste’ 187
Efficient Appliances 189
Efficient Lighting 190
Efficient Buildings—Green Buildings 197
Companies Involved in Building Efficiency 198
CHAPTER 11 Smart Meters: Getting Smart on Grid
Efficiency and Reliability 201
Smart Grid 201
Demand Response as a Power Efficiency Solution 203
The Role of Smart Meters 206
Demand Response and Advanced Metering 210
Benefits of Smart Meters 210
Current Smart Meter Usage 211
Advanced Metering Costs and Benefits 212
Southern California Edison’s Business Case Experience for
Advanced Metering 214
Interoperability and Industry Standards 214
Global Demand Response 215
U.S. Regulators—Generally Positive Toward
Advanced Metering 216
What is Ahead for the Smart Meter Industry? 216
Industry Meter Penetration Rates and Upgrade Opportunities 217
Smart Meter Industry Growth Rates 218
Electricity Meter Market Shares 219
CHAPTER 12 Power Storage and Backup Systems:
When the Grid Just Won’t Do 225
Types of Direct Electricity Storage Systems 227
Types of Power Storage Systems 231
Target Market Sizes 233
CHAPTER 16 Big Coal—Meet Your New Partners:
Cleaner Coal Technology and
Carbon Capture 285
Global Coal Usage 286
U.S. Coal Companies 287
Cleaner Coal Technologies 289
Cleaner Burning Coal 289
Coal-Fired Power Plant Pollution Controls 290
Coal Gasification and CO2 Sequestration 291
Algae-Based CO2 Absorption 293
Coal-to-Liquid Transportation Fuel 294
Clean Coal Investment Conclusions 295
CHAPTER 17 Carbon Trading: Poised to Become the
World’s Largest Commodity Market? 297
Trading European CO2 Allowances 297
Causes of Price Movements 300
European Cap-and-Trade CO2 Emissions
Background Explanation 302
Chicago Climate Exchange 303
CHAPTER 18 Investment Conclusions 307
Appendix 311
Notes 319
Index 351