水和页岩气的开发

liuxingyu

Water and Shale Gas Development
Contents
1  Introduction  4
Overview of shale gas life cycle activities  8
1.1  Shale resources outside the United States  9
In Focus: Shale developments in Argentina, China, Poland and South Africa  12
2  Water regulation  18
2.1  Regulatory history and the current landscape  19
2.2  Federal efforts to support regulatory consistency  21
2.3  Key trends  22
In Focus: Water regulation in Argentina, China, Poland and South Africa  23
3  Water management  26
3.1  Water use and production  27
Comparison: Managing produced water: unconventional vs. conventional  30
3.2  Water management options  31
Primer: Water treatment technologies  33
3.3  Key trends  34
In Focus: Water use/management in Argentina, China, Poland and South Africa  35
4  Water movements  42
4.1  Shale gas development life cycle: logistics requirements  43
4.2  Significance of water transportation  45
4.3  Rising to the water transportation challenge  45
4.4  Key trends  46
In Focus: Water movements in Argentina, China, Poland and South Africa  47
Concept Overview: Basin-wide water logistics management model  49
5  Lessons learned for new shale developments  52
In Focus: Implications for Argentina, China, Poland and South Africa  57
6  Implications for operators  60
Overview of the challenges in the shale gas lifecycle  63